Rate and management of tympanic membrane perforations in children with Down syndrome and middle ear disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the management and outcomes of observation versus surgical intervention of tympanic membrane (TM) perforations in children with Down syndrome (DS). In addition, to estimate the prevalence of TM perforations in children with DS. METHODS: Retrospective case review analysis of TM perforation rate in children with DS with history of tympanostomy tube (TT) insertion at a tertiary pediatric referral center. Patients were divided into observation or surgical intervention groups and then further evaluated for the type of intervention, the number of required procedures, and success rate of hearing improvement. Risk factors contributing to perforations were analyzed, including TT type, number of TT surgeries, and perforation size. RESULTS: The TM perforation rate in children with DS with TT history was 7.0 %. Tympanoplasty was performed in 41.5 % of perforated ears with a success rate of 53.1 %. There was no statistical difference between the surgical intervention and observation groups regarding perforation characteristics or TT number and type, but the surgical intervention cohort was older. Hearing improvement based on postoperative pure tone average (PTA) threshold was noted in the successful surgical intervention group. CONCLUSION: The rate of TM perforations in children with DS after TTs is comparable to the general population. Improved PTA thresholds were noted in the surgical success group influencing speech development. The overall lower success rate of tympanoplasty in patients with DS emphasizes the need to factor in the timing of surgical intervention based on the predicted age of Eustachian tube maturation.

[Evaluation of the feasibility of endoscopic tympanoplasty in two-person three-hand operation].

Objective:To study the difference of postoperative efficacy between two-person three-hand ear endoscopy and microscopic tympanoplasty in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media, and to explore the advantages and disadvantages of two-person three-hand ear endoscopy. Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 100 patients who underwent tympanoplasty in the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of Hunan People's Hospital from April 2019 to March 2023, and they were divided into 2 groups with 50 cases each according to random number table method. Among them, 50 cases underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty in two-person three-hand（group A） and 50 cases underwent routine microscopic tympanoplasty（group B）. The operation and postoperative conditions of the two groups were followed up. Results:In group A, the mean operation time was（65.78±18.21） min, the mean intraoperative blood loss was（12.94±4.46） mL, the postoperative pain score was（1.82±0.60） points, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was（2.76±0.72） d. The mean operation time of group B was（89.45±20.38） min, the mean intraoperative blood loss was（22.78±5.74） mL, the postoperative pain score was（2.98±0.85） points, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was（3.82±0.75） d, which with statistical significance between the two groups（P<0.05）. Hearing in both groups was significantly improved 6 months after surgery, and the difference was statistically significant before and after surgery（P<0.05）, but there was no significant difference between the two groups before surgery and 6 months after surgery（P>0.05）. There were 2 cases in group A（4%） and 1 case in group B（2%） complicated with tympanic cord injury during operation, and the difference was not statistically significant（P>0.05）. There were 47 cases of A group（94%） of one-time healing of tympanic membrane after operation, 48 cases（96%） of group B, and the difference was not statistically significant（P>0.05）. Conclusion:There is no significant difference in cure rate and hearing improvement between two-person three-hand ear endoscopic tympanoplasty and conventional microscope surgery, and the operation time is significantly shortened, the amount of blood loss is less, and the postoperative recovery is faster. It has the advantages of clear operating field, two-person three-hand operation, minimally invasive, and can reach the range of middle ear tympanic sinus and mastoid apex, and the surgical complications are seldom, which is worth promoting.

Outcomes of Soft Versus Bony Canal Wall Reconstruction with Mastoid Obliteration.

OBJECTIVE: To compare recidivism rates, audiometric outcomes, and postoperative complication rates between soft-wall canal wall reconstruction (S-CWR) versus bony-wall CWR (B-CWR) with mastoid obliteration (MO) in patients with cholesteatoma. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary neurotologic referral center. PATIENTS: Ninety patients aged ≥18 years old who underwent CWR with MO, either S-CWR or B-CWR, for cholesteatoma with one surgeon from January 2011 to January 2022. Patients were followed postoperatively for at least 12 months with or without second-look ossiculoplasty. INTERVENTIONS: Tympanomastoidectomy with CWR (soft vs. bony material) and mastoid obliteration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recidivism rates; conversion rate to CWD; pre- versus postoperative pure tone averages, speech reception thresholds, word recognition scores, and air-bone gaps; postoperative complication rates. RESULTS: Middle ear and mastoid cholesteatoma recidivism rates were not significantly different between B-CWR (17.3%) and S-CWR (18.4%, p = 0.71). There was no significant difference in pre- versus postoperative change in ABG (B-CWR, -2.1 dB; S-CWR, +1.6 dB; p = 0.91) nor in the proportion of postoperative ABGs <20 dB (B-CWR, 41.3%; S-CWR, 30.7%; p = 0.42) between B-CWR and S-CWR. Further, there were no significant differences in complication rates between B-CWR and S-CWR other than increased minor TM perforations/retractions in B-CWR (63% vs. 40%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of recidivism rates, audiometric outcomes and postoperative complications between B-CWR with MO versus S-CWR with MO revealed no significant difference. Both approaches are as effective in eradicating cholesteatoma while preserving relatively normal EAC anatomy and hearing. Surgeon preference and technical skill level may guide the surgeon's choice in approach.

Recurrent Cholesteatoma: Why it occurs?

A cholesteatoma is an expansion of keratinizing squamous epithelium that enters the middle ear cleft from the outer layer of the tympanic membrane or ear canal. Choleatomas are always treated surgically. Recurrence of the illness presents another challenge for the patient and the surgeon, though. There have been reports of recurrence rates as high as 30% in adults and as high as 70% in children. Here, we describe a case of persistent recurrent otorrhea following revision surgery, along with acquired recurrent cholesteatoma following canal wall down surgery. A 38-year -male with underlying Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension presented with left scanty and foul-smelling ear discharge for 2 years and left reduced hearing. He was diagnosed with left chronic active otitis media with cholesteatoma for which he underwent left modified radical mastoidectomy, meatoplasty and tympanoplasty in 2017. Five months post operatively, he presented with left otorrhea. However, he defaulted followed up and presented in April 2018 for similar complaints. Otoscopy examination revealed left tympanic membrane perforation at poster superior quadrant of pars tensa and bluish discoloration behind pars flacida. He was diagnosed as recurrent left cholesteatoma and subsequently he underwent left mastoid exploration under general anesthesia in June 2018. Postsurgery, he developed recurrent ear discharge which was treated with topical antibiotics and ear toileting. We report a case of recurrent Cholesteatoma despite canal wall down procedure requiring a second redo procedure and with persistent recurrent otorrhea after the redo procedure.However, this case demonstrates the need for regular follow ups even after a canal wall down procedure for detecting recurrence of disease. Moreover, this case denotes some of the patient factors and surgeon factors involved in disease recurrence. Furthermore, importance of opting for an imaging study in case of high suspicion of the disease.

The TORP-PORP: A Tympanoplasty Technique for Isolated Defects of the Stapes Suprastructure.

OBJECTIVE: Investigating the outcomes of a surgical approach to treat isolated defects of the stapes suprastructure, using a modified total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) prosthesis as a PORP between the footplate and the incus, effectively creating a TORP-PORP configuration. PATIENTS: Eleven patients (mean age, 37.2 years; 36% male and 64% female) between the years 2007 and 2022. INTERVENTIONS: Therapeutic (ossiculoplasty). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hearing gain (in dB) in air conduction thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz, stability of bone conduction, revision rate. RESULTS: Significant improvement in air conduction between the preoperative and the postoperative cohorts (p = 0.002) with a mean postoperative hearing level of 30.00 ± 5.25 dB. The bone conduction remained stable. We encountered no perioperative complications, and there were no revisions surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The described ossiculoplasty procedure is a safe and effective approach to treat isolated defects of the stapes suprastructure.

A New Method in Transcanal Medial Grafting Type-I Cartilage Tympanoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the surgical results of a modified technique for the tympanic membrane (TM) perforation repair and to compare this new technique with the traditional methods. STUDY DESIGN: An interventional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Otolaryngology, Medicana International Hospital, Samsun, Turkiye, from June 2019 till June 2021. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted with 24 patients who underwent cartilage tympanoplasty. Pure-tone audiometry (PTA), preoperative and postoperative air and bone conduction hearing levels were determined. The mean values of air and bone conduction and air-bone gap (ABG) were recorded. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 23 grafts were intact, and one was perforated, perforation secondary to otomycosis in the first month postoperatively. Eight patients had previous unsuccessful tympanoplasty history. These patients' tympanic grafts were intact with this technique. Surgical success rate was 96.0%. Postoperative hearing gain was 12,8 dB. Functional success rate was 88.0%. Mean surgery time was 30 minutes. Patients easily continued their lives in one-week time after the surgery. CONCLUSION: The new modified cartilage tympanoplasty method had high surgical success, and good audiometric results were obtained. KEY WORDS: Type-I cartilage, Tympanoplasty, Transcanal medial grafting, Tympanomeatal flap elevation.

[Application of the follower arm endoscope holder in type i tympanoplasty].

Objective:To investigate the surgical outcomes and safety of the follower arm endoscope holder in assisting type Ⅰ tympanoplasty. Methods:The clinical data of 16 patients who underwent type Ⅰ tympanoplasty at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from November 2022 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, among which 8 cases were operated by traditional otoscopy and 8 cases were operated by supported endoscopy.The surgical procedure was analyzed and the completion of supported endoscopic operation was observed, while the duration of the operation, the time consumed by the main steps, the frequency of wiping the lenses, the perioperative complications, and the improvement of the postoperative hearing were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results:Supporting endoscopic technology achieved real-time suction of bleeding, simultaneous traction and separation of tissues, precise removal of calcified spots on the inner side of the eardrum, trimming of the external auditory canal flap, stable separation of the handle of the malleus and the eardrum, and tensioned repositioning of the skin-cartilage flap. The average duration of surgery, time for external auditory canal flap preparation, and time for repositioning the skin-cartilage flap were reduced in the supporting endoscopic surgery group compared to the control group. The average lens wiping frequency was significantly lower in the supporting endoscopic surgery group compared to the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative hearing improvement between the two groups, and no infections or the need for secondary surgery due to eardrum re-perforation occurred postoperatively. Conclusion:Supported endoscopy technology realizes the need for endoscopic two-handed operation and convenient switching between one and two hands, accomplishes many operations that cannot be done by traditional endoscopic surgery, solves the problems of previous intraoperative one-handed operation and image instability, shortens the average operation time compared with traditional otoscopic surgery, and decreases the frequency of intraoperative wiping of the lens significantly compared with traditional otoscopic surgery, which is potentially worthwhile in terms of shortening the learning curve.

[Application and efficacy analysis of tympanic cartilage shaping device in endoscopic type â tympanoplasty].

Objective:To study the feasibility and efficacy of using a tympanic cartilage shaping device in endoscopic type Ⅰ tympanoplasty. Methods:A tympanic cartilage shaper was designed and manufactured by measuring tympanic membrane dimensions with HRCT imaging for cutting and shaping cartilage to repair the tympanic membrane. From August 2019 to October 2021, 66 patients（72 ears） with chronic suppurative otitis media in Xiangya Hospital underwent endoscopic type Ⅰ tympanoplasty with this tympanic cartilage shaping device, and were observed the tympanic membrane healing and hearing recovery effect after surgery. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 3-24 months, with an average of 9 months. The data were analyzed by the SPSS 26.0 software. Results:According to the imaging measurements, tympanic pars tensa width（8.60±0.20） mm, height（8.64±0.19） mm, design and manufacture a cylindrical cartilage shaping device with inner diameter 8.60 mm. After tympanoplasty, the healing rate of tympanic membrane was 100%; The average air-bone gap before surgery was（23.10±7.33） dB, then（14.30±6.40） dB 1 month after surgery, which were significant reduced compared with those before surgery. The average air-bone gap was（14.30±6.40） dB 3 month after surgery compared with 1 month after surgery, the difference was also statistically significant（t=6.630, P<0.05）. Conclusion:The tympanic membrane cartilage shaper shaping cartilage in endoscopic tympanoplasty is simple, stable and reliable, which can reduce the time of graft cartilage processing, improve the efficiency of surgery, and restore the tympanic membrane morphology and function in the postoperative period.

[The technique and application of individualized tympanic membrane flap in the repair of tympanic membrane under endoscopy ear surgery].

Objective:To investigate the technique of personalized flap making under otoscopy and its clinical application. Methods:The clinical data of patients who underwent 301 Military Hospital myringoplasty in the Department of otoendoscopic surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, from October 2022 to 2023 August were analyzed retrospectively, all enrolled patients were performed independently by the same skilled otoendoscopic surgeon. The patients' general condition, medical history, tympanic membrane perforation scope, perforation size, need for tympanic cavity exploration, thickness of skin flap, tympanic cavity lesion scope, skin flap making method and postoperative rehabilitation were collected. Results:Many factors such as the location of tympanic membrane perforation, the thickness of the skin flap, the degree of curvature or stricture of the ear canal and the extent of the lesion in the tympanic cavity should be considered in the manufacture of the individualized tympanic membrane skin flap, the way of skin flap making does not affect the long-term postoperative rehabilitation, but it can effectively avoid unnecessary ear canal skin flap injury and improve the operation efficiency. Conclusion:Scientific flap fabrication is important for improving surgical efficiency and enhancing surgical confidence.

Evaluation of inner ear damage by mastoid drilling with measurement of serum prestin (SLC26A5) levels.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to demonstrate any inner ear injury caused by drilling in mastoid surgery with prestin, outer hair cell motor protein specific to the cochlea. METHODS: The patients with chronic otitis media requiring mastoidectomy (n = 21) and myringoplasty (n = 21) were included. Serum prestin level obtained from blood samples was measured before surgery and on postoperative days 0, 3, and 7 using Human Prestin (SLC26A5) ELISA Kit. All patients underwent the Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) test before surgery and on the postoperative 7th day. The drilling time was also recorded for all patients who underwent mastoidectomy. RESULTS: In both mastoidectomy and myringoplasty groups, the postoperative serum prestin levels increased on days 0 and 7 (pday-0 = 0.002, pday-7 = 0.001 and pday-0 = 0.005, pday-7 = 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the serum prestin levels between the two groups, postoperatively. The PTA thresholds at day 7 did not change in either group. A significant decline at 2000 Hz of bone conduction hearing threshold in both groups and a decline at 4000 Hz in the myringoplasty group were found. There was no correlation between the drilling time and the increase of prestin levels in the postoperative day 0, 3, and 7. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that mastoid drilling is not related to a significant inner ear injury. Although the myringoplasty group was not exposed to drill trauma, there was a similar increase in serum prestin levels as the mastoidectomy group. Also, a significant decline at 2000 Hz of bone conduction hearing threshold in both groups and a decline at 4000 Hz in the myringoplasty group were found. These findings suggest that suction and ossicular manipulation trauma can lead to an increase in serum prestin levels and postoperative temporary or permanent SNHL at 2000 and 4000 Hz. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level-4.

Artificial intelligence and ChatGPT: An otolaryngology patient's ally or foe?

BACKGROUND: As artificial intelligence (AI) is integrating into the healthcare sphere, there is a need to evaluate its effectiveness in the various subspecialties of medicine, including otolaryngology. Our study intends to provide a cursory review of ChatGPT's diagnostic capability, ability to convey pathophysiology in simple terms, accuracy in providing management recommendations, and appropriateness in follow up and post-operative recommendations in common otolaryngologic conditions. METHODS: Adenotonsillectomy (T&A), tympanoplasty (TP), endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), parotidectomy (PT), and total laryngectomy (TL) were substituted for the word procedure in the following five questions and input into ChatGPT version 3.5: "How do I know if I need (procedure)," "What are treatment alternatives to (procedure)," "What are the risks of (procedure)," "How is a (procedure) performed," and "What is the recovery process for (procedure)?" Two independent study members analyzed the output and discrepancies were reviewed, discussed, and reconciled between study members. RESULTS: In terms of management recommendations, ChatGPT was able to give generalized statements of evaluation, need for intervention, and the basics of the procedure without major aberrant errors or risks of safety. ChatGPT was successful in providing appropriate treatment alternatives in all procedures tested. When queried for methodology, risks, and procedural steps, ChatGPT lacked precision in the description of procedural steps, missed key surgical details, and did not accurately provide all major risks of each procedure. In terms of the recovery process, ChatGPT showed promise in T&A, TP, ESS, and PT but struggled in the complexity of TL, stating the patient could speak immediately after surgery without speech therapy. CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT accurately demonstrated the need for intervention, management recommendations, and treatment alternatives in common ENT procedures. However, ChatGPT was not able to replace an otolaryngologist's clinical reasoning necessary to discuss procedural methodology, risks, and the recovery process in complex procedures. As AI becomes further integrated into healthcare, there is a need to continue to explore its indications, evaluate its limits, and refine its use to the otolaryngologist's advantage.

Surgical Treatment for Troublesome Mastoid Cavities: Canal Wall Reconstruction With Bony Obliteration Versus Subtotal Petrosectomy.

INTRODUCTION: A chronically discharging modified radical mastoid cavity may require surgical intervention. We aim to explore two techniques. OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of subtotal petrosectomy (STP) and canal wall reconstruction with bony obliteration technique (CWR-BOT). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: All patients with a chronically discharging mastoid cavity surgically treated at the Radboud University Medical Center by STP or CWR-BOT in 2015 to 2020, excluding patients with preoperative cholesteatoma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dry ear rate, audiometry, and rehabilitation. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Healing time, number of postoperative visits, complications, cholesteatoma, and need for revision surgeries. RESULTS: Thirty-four (58%) patients underwent STP, and 25 (42%) CWR-BOT. A dry ear was established in 100% of patients (STP) and 87% (CWR-BOT). The air-bone gap (ABG) increased by 12 dB in STP, and decreased by 11 dB in CWR-BOT. Postoperative ABG of CWR-BOT patients was better when preoperative computed tomography imaging showed aerated middle ear aeration. ABG improvement was higher when ossicular chain reconstruction took place. Mean follow-up time was 32.5 months (STP) versus 40.5 months (CWR-BOT). Healing time was 1.2 months (STP) versus 4.1 months (CWR-BOT). The number of postoperative visits was 2.5 (STP) versus 5 (CWR-BOT). Cholesteatoma was found in 15% (STP) versus 4% (CWR-BOT) of patients. Complication rate was 18% (STP) and 24% (CWR-BOT) with a need for revision in 21% (STP) and 8% (CWR-BOT), including revisions for cholesteatoma. CONCLUSION: STP and CWR-BOT are excellent treatment options for obtaining a dry ear in patients with a chronically discharging mastoid cavity. This article outlines essential contributing factors in counseling patients when opting for one or the other. Magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging follow-up should be conducted at 3 and 5 years postoperatively.

Endoscopic ossiculoplasty in traumatic conductive hearing loss with intact tympanic membrane: a five-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Exploratory tympanotomy in cases of traumatic ossicular disruption with intact tympanic membrane is crucial for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Performing this procedure using the endoscope is gaining popularity. Hence, this study aimed to demonstrate varieties of ossicular pathology and their management in our institution. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was conducted of 136 ears in patients with traumatic ossicular disruption with an intact tympanic membrane, who underwent endoscopic exploratory tympanotomy. A proposed algorithm was followed, to incorporate different traumatic ossicular possibilities. Assessment of hearing outcomes and surgical complications was performed six months post-operatively. RESULTS: Incudostapedial dislocation was the most commonly encountered type of traumatic ossicular disruption (35.3 per cent). Air conduction threshold improved significantly following endoscopic ossiculoplasty, from 50.9 ± 6.35 dB pre-operatively to 22.35 ± 3.27 dB post-operatively, with successful air-bone gap closure. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic ear surgery is effective in the diagnosis and management of challenging cases of post-traumatic ossicular disruption with an intact tympanic membrane.

Comparison of two endoscopic perichondrium-cartilage graft underlay myringoplasty for large perforations: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the graft outcomes and complications of two endoscopic perichondrium-cartilage graft techniques for repairing large perforations. STUDY DESIGN: Single center blinded randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 61 large perforations more than 50% of TM area were prospectively randomized to undergo the free perichondrium and free cartilage graft group (FPFC, n = 31) or perichondrium partial attachment the cartilage graft group (PPAC, n = 30). The primary outcome measures were the operation time; secondary outcome measures were the graft success rate and hearing gain at 12 months postoperatively and postoperative complications. RESULTS: All patients completed follow-up of 12 months. The mean operation time was 38.2 ± 2.3 min in the FPFC group and 37.4 ± 5.6 min in the PPAC group (P = 0.658). At postoperative 3 months, the graft success rates were 96.7% in the FPFC group and 93.3% in the PPAC group (P = 0.976). At postoperative 12 months, the graft success rates were 96.7% in the FPFC group and 83.3% in the PPAC group (P = 0.182). However, the residual and re-perforation rate with no infection was 0.0% (0/31) in the FPFC group and 16.7% (5/30) in the PPAC group (P = 0.056). No significant between-group differences were observed pre- (P = 0.842) or post- (P = 0.759) operative air bone gap (ABG) values or mean ABG gain (P = 0.886). However, granular myringitis has been noted in 6.5% in the FPFC group and in 3.3% in the PPAC group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that 12-month graft success and hearing gain were comparable between the perichondrium free and partial attachment the cartilage graft techniques, nevertheless, partial attachment technique could increase residual and re-perforations.

Comparison of endoscope-assisted and microscope-assisted type I tympanoplasty; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze and compare the available data about the outcomes of endoscopic and microscopic type I tympanoplasty. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane library Ovid, Scopus, Google scholar, and ClinicalTrials. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We included comparative studies describing type I tympanoplasty, and comparing surgical outcomes of the endoscope with the microscope in terms of efficacy and safety. RESULTS: Our systematic search yielded 22 studies meeting the inclusion criteria and eligible for analysis. The pooled graft uptake rates and audiological results of endoscopic and microscopic tympanoplasty demonstrated non-significant differences. In contrast, endoscopic type I tympanoplasty outperforms microscopic tympanoplasty regarding a highly significant decrease not only in pooled mean operative time but also in the pooled complications rate. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our meta-analysis, the surgical outcomes of endoscope-assisted and microscope-assisted type I tympanoplasty in terms of postoperative hearing outcomes and the graft uptake rate were comparable. On the contrary, operative time and complications rate proved to be significantly reduced with endoscopy compared to microscopy. Hence, the endoscope is as efficient as the microscope in type I tympanoplasty but less invasive, fewer in complications and shorter in operative time.

Long term results of glass ionomer ossiculoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the early and late post-operative results of glass ionomer bone cement (GIBC) used in ossiculoplasty. METHODS: The pre-operative, early post-operative (3 months) and late post-operative (> 2 years) audiometric findings, namely the pure-tone average (PTA), bone conduction threshold (BCT) and air-bone gap (ABG) of 40 patients who underwent GIBC ossiculoplasty for different etiologies were analyzed. Early and late results were compared. Also, the patients were grouped in terms of prognostic factors and applied ossiculoplasty techniques, and the results were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There were statistically significant improvements in the pure-tone average and air-bone gap of the patients in the early post-operative period (PTA from 59.60 ± 15.95 to 40.37 ± 17.83 and ABG from 37.12 ± 11.18 to 19.78 ± 10.41, p < 0.001 for both). There were no statistically significant changes in any of the audiometric parameters in the late post-operative period (PTA from 40.37 ± 17.83 to 39.79 ± 17.91, ABG from 19.78 ± 10.41 to 19.32 ± 9.60, BCT from 17.99 ± 12.71 to 18.31 ± 13.99, p > 0.05 for all). Presence of tympanosclerosis was found to be the only prognostic factor to affect the outcome. CONCLUSION: GIBC is a safe and reliable material for ossiculoplasty, which maintains its ability to conduct sound in the long-term follow-up.

Minimally invasive ossiculoplasty via an endoscopic transtympanic approach.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of ossiculoplasty via a minimally invasive endoscopic transtympanic approach (ETTA). CASE SERIES: We investigated the exposure of target structures (incus and stapes) on 4 human temporal bones by placing an endoscope into the middle ear cleft through the 4 tympanic quadrants. Then, on 3 additional specimens, we performed an incudostapedial disjunction and repaired it with a drop of hydroxyapatite cement via ETTA. We measured the size of tympanic perforation, and the acoustic transfer function of the middle ear (125-8000Hz) before and after repair by placing an insert in the external auditory canal and recording the acoustic signal in the utricle by a microphone. The acoustic signal gain was estimated in dB µV. Exposure was similar in all four quadrants but ergonomics was better with a posteroinferior myringotomy. Ossicular chain repair was conducted successfully in all cases and the acoustic transfer function of the middle ear was significantly improved. Residual tympanic perforation (n=3) was 2±0.3mm in diameter. CONCLUSION: ETTA to reconstruct incudostapedial joint with bone cement was feasible and effective. It opens perspectives for robot-based procedures guided by augmented reality.

Comparison of subcutaneous soft tissue versus temporalis fascia as a tympanoplasty graft material: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This research compares the efficacy of subcutaneous soft tissue and temporalis fascia in tympanic membrane grafting for large tympanic membrane perforations. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study compared tympanic membrane graft success rate and hearing outcomes in 248 patients who underwent tympanoplasty using subcutaneous soft tissue (n = 118) or temporalis fascia (n = 130) via the post-auricular approach. RESULTS: Comparable results were observed in both groups. Tympanic membrane graft success rate was 98.3 per cent (116 ears) in the subcutaneous soft tissue group and 98.5 per cent (128 ears) in the temporalis fascia group. The rate of air-bone gap closure within 20 dB was 54.2 per cent (64 ears) and 60.0 per cent (78 ears) in the soft tissue and temporalis fascia groups, respectively (p = 0.360). CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous soft tissue is a reliable and readily available tympanic membrane graft material in both revision and primary tympanoplasty for large tympanic membrane perforations.

The novel retro-conchal approach for middle ear surgeries: Our experience in 196 patients.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to describe a new proposed retro-conchal approach for middle ear surgery and to evaluate its advantages and postoperative impact. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective case-series study was held at a tertiary university hospital from March 2008 to April 2022. We included 196 adult patients who were candidates for middle ear surgery because of chronic otitis media. The retro-conchal approach entailed a skin incision on the medial conchal surface 1 cm anterior to the auricular sulcus. It allowed the harvesting of the required size of conchal cartilage and temporalis fascia through the same incision with access into the middle ear and complete exposure to the mastoid process. In addition, we evaluated the use of this approach in tympanoplasty, including cholesteatoma surgeries with at least one-year postoperative follow-up. RESULT: The long-term follow-up (22.9 ±â€¯6.37 months) revealed that most operated cases (89%) did not develop postoperative sequelae related to this approach. On the other hand, 22 patients (11%) developed adverse outcomes, with a statistically significant difference regarding adverse outcomes as the P-value <0.001. CONCLUSION: According to our experience with a relatively large number of patients, the retro-conchal technique was practical for various middle ear surgeries. It allowed optimal access to different middle ear areas and obtaining large-sized conchal cartilage and temporalis fascia (if needed) through the same incision without needing extra surgical steps. In addition, it was a safe maneuver without significant adverse outcomes in the long-term follow-up.

Reconstructive ossiculoplasty options in primary cholesteatoma surgeries with an intact stapes.

PURPOSE: In primary cholesteatoma patients, incus destruction with an intact and mobile stapes is a frequent finding. Different techniques have been described to restore the ossicular chain, including incus interposition, stapes augmentation and type III tympanoplasty. Controversy about postoperative hearing results in open versus closed surgical techniques exist. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical, surgical and audiometric data of patients with primary cholesteatoma surgery operated between 2010 and 2020, and a mobile stapes and one-stage ossicular reconstruction. Pre- and post-operative audiograms were compared for the different surgical groups, mainly focusing on postoperative air-bone gap. Mastoid pneumatization and ventilation was also considered. RESULTS: The mean postoperative air-bone gap (0.5-4 kHz) of the 126 included patients was 20 dB. Hearing after type III tympanoplasty (26 dB) was worse than incus interposition (19 dB) and stapes augmentation (20 dB). Hearing after an open (23 dB) versus closed (19 dB) surgical technique was significantly different. No improvement in air-bone gap was observed for the higher frequencies. CONCLUSION: A residual postoperative air-bone gap should be considered after primary cholesteatoma surgery with intact and mobile stapes. Incus interposition in closed cavity operation is the optimal situation, but open cavity surgery should not be avoided because of hearing. Extent of the disease is prioritized and poorer ventilation before and after surgery may affect postoperative hearing.